One of the most
mysterious and elusive mangrove animals is the water mouse (Xeromys
myoides). They mostly live in mud nests in the
mangroves and come out at night to prey on small crabs. They occur in the Northern
Terrritory from Darwin to Arnhem Land and in Queensland from
Cannonvale, near Mackay down to the Queensland border. The gap
between the NT and QLD populations is about 4000 km in round numbers
and possibly twice that long for a small rodent that can’t swim
across wide rivers. During the previous twenty years, many zoologist
have searched long and hard to find water mice in the great gap
between the known populations and no water mice were ever found until
now.
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Records of water mice, Atlas of Living Australia |
On 20 June 2017, I
was walking through the mangroves in Cairns at night when I saw an
interesting rodent with a white underside running around on the floor
of a stilt mangrove (Rhizophora) swamp. I saw enough to suggest that the rodent was a water mouse but could not get a photo of the mouse as it disappeared through
the dark tangle of roots. Six days later, one of these creatures came
right up to me even though I was following it with a powerful torch.
This time the camera was ready and as a result water mice have been
officially recorded for Cairns, which is 500 km north of the next
closest record as the seagull flies.
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The first photo of a Cairn's water mouse, about to escape into a crab hole |
Perhaps one of the
reasons why water mice have been so hard to locate is that it is hard
to form a good search image for them. Most of the available
information is in text form, which not quite the same value as a
photograph, especially for a visual thinker like me. There are also many other creatures that leave similar signs to water mice. Adding to the complication, water
mice are apparently not present in every seemingly suitable mangrove
swamp either and nobody knows why. In this post, I will try to present a clearer picture of what
to look for.
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Water mouse, also known as false water rat (photo: wikimedia) |
Water mice occur as
far south as the Queensland border and occur in very different
environments to the places where they have been found in Cairns. In
southern areas, they were first studied at Stradbroke Island, which
is a giant sand island. At low tide, freshwater seeps from the ground
so I thought that water mice were limited by freshwater availability.
In these areas, the mice made strange mud nests in clumps of sedges.
On the Noosa River, also in southern Queensland, they made mud nests
that were referred to as
termitaria-type nests. Several years later,
water mice were found on Curtis Island, near Rockhampton. Curtis
Island is in a dry region where mangroves occur as a band between the
salt pans and the sea and there is unlikely to be much groundwater
seepage. In this area, they lived in the
Ceriops mangroves, which are
mangroves that prefer higher and more saline environments.
The Mackay region is
believed to be the species stronghold, however the mangroves in
Mackay are challenging place to search. Huge tides flush away the
relatively high rainfall of Mackay and make the mangrove environment
a more saline environment than it ought to be. Stunted mangroves often occur in
low woody thickets of robust trees that difficult to push through let
alone walk through. Some swamps in river mouths or near grassy plains
can even have an understorey of succulent herbs and grass! Given the
known habit in southern Queensland, the swamps with grassy
understoreys and adjacent grassy flats with signs of freshwater influence were the obvious place
to search, however data collected over the last twenty years suggests
that water mice do not like that habitat.
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Mangroves with grassy understory, Dunrock near Mackay (water mouse central) |
In Cairns, the tidal
range is smaller than Mackay and the remains of crabs that have been
preyed on by water mice are less likely to be swept away. Mangroves thrive on the higher rainfall and are taller and are easy
to move through. However, water mice are not the only crab-eating
rodent and care has to be made when identifying both rodents and the
signs they leave. Rakali (
Hydromys chrysogaster), which are
approximately six times larger and a formidable predator dominate the
swamps. I thought that rakali might also prey on or fight with water
mice and limit their distribution. There must be some kind of habitat
partitioning however where water mice are present, rakali are also
almost certainly present. Introduced black rats are also a common
predator on crabs in mangrove areas. Some other native rodents such
as Melomys also venture into the mangroves. Water mice apparently do not climb trees to escape, like the rodent below.
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These unknown rodents were also foraging in the mangroves |
Water mice prey on
smaller grapsid crabs, which tend to have flat rectangular bodies,
usually grey in colour. Grapsid crabs often live on the lower part of
trees or in simple burrows that go straight down into the ground. Sesarmid
are larger crabs that have a squat cylindrical body
shape (scone-shaped) and often live in mud igloos which the crabs build on the forest floor. Remains of sesarmid crabs that have been
caught by a rakali look as if the crab has been blown up. In
contrast, water mice leave a tidier scene. Typically, there will be a
bright white upturned carapace which is often close to a scattering
of legs and nippers. The best evidence that crab remains are from
water mouse predation is an intact segmented breast plate, which is
the undersurface of the crab (pers comms Tina Ball). As the carapace
is small and can potentially be moved by tides, finding the carapace
with the other parts provides stronger evidence that the water mouse
consumed the crab at that spot. Empty crab shells with the legs still
attached are probably moulted exoskeletons rather than remains of
predated crabs.
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Small, thumbnail sized empty crab shells are the main sign of water mouse presence |
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Rakali eat larger crabs and make a mess of them |
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A cleanly removed breast plate is a good water mouse sign |
Water mice are too
small to leave trails of footprints, except in places where the
ground is quite soft and where it remains undisturbed by other
creatures. Such conditions are rare in mangrove swamps and I have
only seen footprints where mud had dried hard soon after the prints
were made or in soft wet mud that had yet to be disturbed by the
traffic of crabs and snails. Rakali leave prodigious numbers of
footprints. Rakali have long webbed hind feet with toes of different
lengths. Their front feet leave large star-shaped prints with the
span of a 50 cent piece. Bandicoots, wallabies and a variety of other
terrestrial wildlife including other small rodents also get around in
the mangroves and leave prints, so footprints provide unreliable
evidence.
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Possible water mouse footprints (front and rear) |
Water mice live in
mud nests which they construct. Depending on the surrounding
environment, these nests can be easy to see or they can be almost
impossible to distinguish. Mud lobsters, sesarmid crabs and even
mangrove ants create large mounds of mud that are shaped like water
mouse nests and these other mounds can be so numerous, they even outnumber the mangrove trees. Suitable mud for nest building may be one
of the environmental parameters that water mice require. The nests
also need to be located near the high tide line as the water mice
probably do not like deep or prolonged submersion. Whilst water mice
feed in stilt mangrove swamps, they prefer to make nests in areas
which are tidally inundated less often.
|
Possible nest pointed out by Tina Ball |
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A hollow filled with mud, with crab remains on top is very likely to be a nest |
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A possible nest showing the horizontal entrances, crab remains were in the tree hollow as well. |
The nests have a
variety of forms and many other animals make similar mud nests so it is hard
to be certain whether the nests belong to water mice. Crab igloos
often have vertical chimney style exits whereas water mice tend to
make horizontal exits which are supposed to be more oval-shaped than
crab holes which are round. As water mice are a listed
threatened species (listed as Vulnerable), breaking nests open to see the occupants would be
an offense under the Nature Conservation Act. The only alternative
is to look for crab dinners which the mice consumed on or in their
nest or to set up a camera trap to photograph the water mice as they
come and go.
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Water mice also make mud ramp nests, but this mud ramp is likely to be a crab house |
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Sesarmid crab igloos around the base of Ceriops mangrove trees |
My working theory is
that the most productive feeding areas for water mice are the drier
mangrove forests, where grapsid crabs are more abundant than sesarmid
crabs. Look for where the ground is flat and full of small crab holes
and avoid areas where the mud is covered with crab igloos or the
ground is intensely churned by subterranean creatures such as mud
lobsters. Proximity to freshwater is not a requirement as the places
they have been found are unlikely to have potable freshwater during
the dry season. In Cairns, water mice were found deep in mangrove
communities that are isolated from the landward fringe and
terrestrial vegetation. Water mice seem to be in most of the mangrove
swamps I have searched, however water mouse sign is scarce in
luxuriant mangroves be they swamps of Ceriops, Rhizophora or some other
species. Sign was most abundant in harsh saline back swamps that may
be seasonally become quite fresh during the summer wet season. These
places tend to be mosquito infested, even by mangrove swamp
standards. Some of these places are also subject to deep and violent
flooding when creeks within the catchment run deep and water mice
apparently climb up high inside hollow trees to survive these
conditions. Water mice seem to hunt mainly along the boundary between
the Ceriops and Rhizophora mangrove zones where tides are still a
regular event and crabs are usually active.
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Water mice hunt in stilt mangrove swamps as well as Ceriops swamp |
As a threatened
species, I will not tell exactly where I found the water mice but
those who are interested can contact me via this site. I would also
like to thank Tina Ball from the Queensland National Parks and Wildlife Service,
for investigated my sites in the field and via camera trapping. She
has was able to officially confirm the presence of water mice and to
help me sharpen my knowledge of this mysterious creature.
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